The Jobs of the Future
One great trick that 200+ years of Anglo-American hegemony has pulled has been to entrench the English language as the global lingua franca. It’s not just that people need to learn English in order to communicate with Anglophones, everyone relies on English to communicate with each other. A Korean jet talking to an air traffic controller in Bangkok will do it in English. A Finnish businessman talking about a deal with a firm in Lisbon will speak English. And at any major international gateway you’ll see signs up in one or two local languages and, of course, English. But as James Fallows observes, the English is often not quite right:
Literally, the Chinese could be rendered as: “Traveler, halt!” Or, to sound less Teutonic, “Travelers, stop!” But if you’d asked a native speaker you’d probably just end up with the simple “No entry.”
My reaction to this and innumerable similar signs in China has become sympathy rather than anything else (frustration, mirth, etc). All the fiddling with computerized translation programs, all the paging through English textbooks, all of whatever other effort came up with “The traveler halts,” for a result whose oddities could so easily have been avoided. Oh well. The airport itself is nice. Other topics shortly.
The interesting thing is that you don’t need to speak Chinese at all to fix this sign. You only need to be a native English-speaker who’s familiar with airports. I would rewrite this as “Do Not Enter.” And there are tons of examples of this sort of thing all over the world in both official signage and corporate advertising. And it seems to me that after the total collapse American journalism’s economic foundations, this will be a lucrative line of work for US-based writers — we can travel the world and fix everyone’s signs.
67 Responses to “The Jobs of the Future”
Register
RSSLogin
Topic Cloud
ArchivesBlog RollAbout Matt YglesiasContact Me
Donate
December 18th, 2008 at 11:24 am
I would rewrite this as “Do Not Enter.”
I think “Do Not Etner” would be a more likely outcome.
Sorry, I couldn’t resist that one.
December 18th, 2008 at 11:27 am
Why would we want to correct these? I love that everything is a little odd and different, even the things that should be the same.
And in some cases, of which this is one, the poorly translated phrase is much cooler than the stupid “Do not enter” or “No entry”. “Traveller, halt!” would be even better.
December 18th, 2008 at 11:28 am
http://www.eldar.org/~ben/funny/html/385.html
Top 15 Chinese translations of English Movie Titles
December 18th, 2008 at 11:32 am
And it seems to me that after the total collapse American journalism’s economic foundations, this will be a lucrative line of work for US-based writers — we can travel the world and fix everyone’s signs.
Not if autoworkers get there first!
December 18th, 2008 at 11:33 am
While I tend to agree with Fallows, I’m not sure that it makes up for all the odd (and sometimes incorrect) tattoos of Chinese characters on all sorts of Americans.
December 18th, 2008 at 11:35 am
> The interesting thing is that you don’t need to speak
> Chinese at all to fix this sign. You only need to be a
> native English-speaker who’s familiar with airports.
I seem to recall you lived abroad for a while? Because working in a multinational business with everyone speaking Business English, you rapidly learn that seemingly simple things like this are deeply loaded with cultural assumptions that are not easily surmountable except by a translater with a fairly good knowledge of both cultures and both languages. It ain’t as simple as it seems.
December 18th, 2008 at 11:36 am
It seems to me that the picture conveys the message perfectly. Maybe there is a future for art school students after all. Sadly still no job prospects beyond shoveling bull for philosophers.
December 18th, 2008 at 11:39 am
It’s no different here.
Walk around any major big box store these days (at least here in Texas) and you will see everything in both Spanish and English. Home Depot, Target, Wal-Mart and others are practically bilingual. But in many cases the Spanish is a complete mess. My wife is Chilean and when my inlaws come up to visit they get a lot of merriment walking around stores like Target and reading the Spanish.
You would think that with the millions of educated bilingual Americans, corporations like Target and Home Depot would be able to have their signs and labels properly proof-read in Spanish. But no.
December 18th, 2008 at 11:51 am
Some years ago, during a business trip in Kuala Lumpur, I happened across one of those automated shoe-shiners in the hotel hallway. As I put in some money to start the process, I saw directions that read: “Insert toe of boot to provoke arrival of shoe creme.”
At least the Asian signmakers usually spell better than Matt.
December 18th, 2008 at 11:59 am
I think it has more to do with American economic dominance post-WWII. French used to be the lingua franca (hence the term). English’s rise only really started in earnest post-WWI.
December 18th, 2008 at 12:07 pm
I think it has more to do with American economic dominance post-WWII. French used to be the lingua franca (hence the term).
Yeah, French was definitely the lingua franca up until the mid-20th century or so. That being said, the term “lingua franca” derives not from that, but from the trader’s pidgin, based mostly on Italian, used in the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages.
In terms of the dominance of English, it’s the American post-WWII dominance which is most important, but it doesn’t hurt that large swathes of the world had already come to use English as the lingua franca thanks to the British Empire.
December 18th, 2008 at 12:11 pm
The traveler halts… and puts the lotion in the basket.
December 18th, 2008 at 12:13 pm
You know there’s a word for this phenomenon, right? It’s called “Engrish.”. For more examples, see http://www.engrishfunny.com
December 18th, 2008 at 12:15 pm
I lived in Japan for 2 years, and that was more or less my job (for technical documents, not signs, but still). I hope they never learn better English. One: It’s so charming. Two: Job security, baby.
December 18th, 2008 at 12:15 pm
The traveler halts… and puts the lotion in the basket.
I’m trying to figure out why the above comment made me laugh as hard as I just did.
December 18th, 2008 at 12:17 pm
“I’m trying to figure out why the above comment made me laugh as hard as I just did.”
Silence lamb-y-pie
December 18th, 2008 at 12:20 pm
I just have to say – I had that idea years ago. I have wanted that job since, like, forever now. I had worked out details in my head, how you could build a business that paid a decent wage in whatever country you set up shop, and one could make a modest living running it. And it would have a series of potential benefits for the community, over and above the service itself. A socially responsible running-away-and-joining-the-circus fantasy. Good times . . . .
December 18th, 2008 at 12:26 pm
The first insolvable problem is realizing that you don’t know enough English to do an effective translation. It is hard to tell what the correct translation is in this case, but it could be: “Exit Only”, “Authorized Personnel Only”, “No Entrance” or something else. “Do Not Enter” sounds more like a road sign, not something to direct pedestrian traffic.
But my one trip to China was in the mid 1980s. At a nice hotel which catered to foreigners, the waitress offered me a fork and said “Please?” (Yes, a “fork”, not the most authentic moment of my visit. But to make up for this, my room offered a birds eye view of a delivery of pork halves to the next door butcher: delivered into the backyard…onto cardboard spread on the ground. Later the butcher chopped these into more useful pieces.)
December 18th, 2008 at 12:32 pm
My favorite sign that I saw in China was in the middle of finely manicured grass and read “The green grass is reluctant to part, asks you to treasure.” It was easily the best “Do not walk on grass” sign I’ve seen.
December 18th, 2008 at 12:33 pm
The thing is, once a language becomes a lingua franca, the original native speakers may start to lose control of the linguistic norms. So, for example, “The traveller halts” may now be the accepted English phrase for this use among Chinese speaking English to the aforementioned Koreans, Thais, Finns, and Portuguese. And who are we to tell them they are wrong? It is their lingua franca.
Yeah. I think this the really cool part. I’m hoping that if things like “the traveler halts” become standard enough overseas, they’ll start gaining more widespread currency, even echoing back into the American dialect.
Not sure why this hasn’t really happened so far, or if it will ever happen at all beyond a few internet memes. I imagine it might help once a few hundred million more Chinese people actually became fluent and they really start to converge on some sort of new English dialect. (Rather than just the more or less haphazard errors from various dictionary and machine translations that I think we’re still mostly seeing now.)
December 18th, 2008 at 12:35 pm
I would rewrite this as “Do Not Enter.”
Dude.
It’s an airport not a side road in Arkansas!
December 18th, 2008 at 12:38 pm
(FWIW, Fallows says this sign is over a “staff-only zone”, so my vote for the idiomatically “correct” translation would be “Authorized Personnel Only”)
December 18th, 2008 at 12:48 pm
They should higher Ludacris to translate. “Get back, motherfucker! You don’t know me like that.”
December 18th, 2008 at 12:49 pm
Not sure why this hasn’t really happened so far, or if it will ever happen at all beyond a few internet memes. I imagine it might help once a few hundred million more Chinese people actually became fluent and they really start to converge on some sort of new English dialect. (Rather than just the more or less haphazard errors from various dictionary and machine translations that I think we’re still mostly seeing now.)
When the Chinese start making movies in English that large numbers of English speakers watch, I assume that Sino-english will start to enter our (Americans) language.
December 18th, 2008 at 12:59 pm
To add to your examples- the infamous confrontation between Zinedine Zidane (French Berber) and Marco Materazzi in the last minutes of the 2006 World Cup Final was in English.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zAjWi663kXc
December 18th, 2008 at 1:01 pm
I would have used, “Trespassers will be sliced in half through the groin by a red laser.”
It is sector B-12 after all…can’t have trespassers there.
December 18th, 2008 at 1:19 pm
It seems to me that the picture conveys the message perfectly.
I dunno, to me it says “No Captain Morgan Posing”
December 18th, 2008 at 1:30 pm
I traveled in SE Asia for a few months a couple years back. When I got home and people asked me about how I was able to communicate I always said this: you don’t need to know the local language, but you do need to learn to speak proper broken English.
December 18th, 2008 at 1:31 pm
Yes, but is our Chinese learning?
December 18th, 2008 at 1:32 pm
@Mo: «French used to be the lingua franca (hence the term).»
Lingua Franca is not of french origin.
Portuguese was the Lingua Franca in Asia in the 16th century, probably the term comes for there. It might be defended for spanish as well, since the archaic expression is the same, “lingua franca” means “free (or common) language”. In french this would be “langue franche” not “lingua franca” — when the French became a Lingua Franca, in the 17th and 18th century Europe, the expression already existed.
This brings us to another discussion: why is there a succession of linguas francas instead of people settling for one? Will people settle for english now? If yes, why? The internet, mass media? Is it the End of History for linguas francas? Or is the window of opportunity for anglo jobs in the sign.revising industry a narrow one?
December 18th, 2008 at 1:33 pm
an even better example: http://www.engrish.com/wp-content/uploads//2008/11/male-sex-toilet.jpg
i wonder if this is the airport where larry craig got the idea in the first place?
December 18th, 2008 at 1:39 pm
Before someone quotes the wikipedia article on the subject: yes, it says “lingua franca” comes from the italian — which might well be, if we account for the fact that an italian language didn’t exist in the late middle ages. but still this is possible, since “lingua franca” has the same spelling and meaning in several italian dialects, including tuscan.
but the explanation given for the meaning (i.e. “frankish language” makes really no sense. “franco” or “franca” is an archaic term for free in portuguese and spanish: “cidade france” means free city, for instance. it also relates to “common” or “open for all”. so the origin of a term for a common language, “free” and “open for all” must come from there.
December 18th, 2008 at 1:49 pm
The “Online Etymology Dictionary” claims:
December 18th, 2008 at 1:51 pm
(Ah. I see that’s in the aforementioned Wikipedia entry already. Whoops.)
December 18th, 2008 at 1:59 pm
The OED also identifies “lingua franca” as ‘Frankish tongue’.
December 18th, 2008 at 2:14 pm
@ jack lecou: yeah, I would expect that wikipedia had got it from somewhere, but you have to know that sometimes tradition in a given country gives etymological explanations based on languages they already know better, or on other traditions that have had for some time an ad hoc explanation for the origin of the term concerned. meaning: etymological dictionaries make mistakes all the time, and in the case of portuguese-origin words this happens all the time because they are numerous but not many people know portuguese in the english-speaking world and usually go for the correspondent spanish, french, or italian word (which is more widely known). one case in point is the word “creole” (from the fifteenth-century portuguese crioulo and not the spanish criollo — people who speak both languages can detect the phonetic reason for this). another case: the anglo tradition says that “style” comes from the latin “stylus” meaning pen; here in Portugal I have learned it comes from the greek “stiloj”, meaning “column” (hence doric, jonian, corinthian “styles”).
in this particular case, the OED doesn’t really convince me, because:
1) the first occurrence in english, 1678, seems to me very late — and very very late regarding the crusade episode they give as an explanation.
2) there are portuguese sources using the term for 16th century asia.
3) it still seems to me a very tortuous way to call “frankish” to a form of italian, due to a “probable” (I would say “improbable”) arabic custom of not being able to distinguish italian from frankish.
4) especially when we have two languages (portuguese and spanish — and probably italian dialects) where”franca” means “free”, “common” or “open”, which were really linguas francas in the 16th and 17th century (closer to the OED’s first occurrence). occam’s razor, in the absence of documents, would tell us to go with this one.
5) the OED isn’t the only authority in this question of romance etymology. as a comparison, spanish wikipedia says “lingua franca” means “teutonic language” (the one spoken in Charlemagne’s court. Portuguese wikipedia does not follow english wikipedia on this one, etc. They all seem to be guessing an etymology.
Of course, I can also be wrong.
December 18th, 2008 at 2:16 pm
I worked at Intel in the early eighties. We would get hardware shipped to us from Japan. We always loved reading the instructions. My favorite, or at least the one I can remember is:
“Please disconnect the connecting connectors”
December 18th, 2008 at 2:25 pm
Yes, “lingua franca” is ‘Frankish language’, not ‘free tongue.’ People love to spout half-baked observations about language and etymology, apparently linguistics is an area where amateurs feel they can say whatever they want. And in a similar vein, I am surprised that Fallows writes “Literally, the Chinese could be rendered as: “Traveler, halt!”. Actually, no. Literally (word for word) the Chinese says “traveler(s) stop walking”, more idiomatically “travelers go no further.” So we can laugh at the Chinese but Fallows gets a pass for mangling Mandarin, not quite fair.
December 18th, 2008 at 2:30 pm
Rui-
Yeah, I’ve seen before how incorrect etymologies can become entrenched. Even in the OED. The all-Europeans-are-”Franks” explanation seems to be pretty much universal on this, but that doesn’t make it true. That Romantic “franca” = “common” link is definitely interesting.
(Incidentally, I’m sure you noticed how the quote omits Portuguese from the list of linguistic influences, although presumably sailors speaking [proto-]Portuguese were probably almost as common as Spanish or French ones…)
December 18th, 2008 at 2:31 pm
Rui, I could be wrong to. But it was the Venetians, Sicilians and the French who were particularly active in the Levant in the early middle ages, not so much the Spanish and Portuguese. Given that “language of the franks” seems far more likely to be the explanation, just on historical grounds. According to Italian Wikipedia it derives from the Arabic lisān-al-faranğī – “Language of the franks.”
December 18th, 2008 at 2:56 pm
Vanya: yes, if you ascribe to the levantin origins of the lingua franca and at the same time admit that levantin arabs did not distinguish the frankish from the italian, which for me is a long shot. another source ( http://www.uwm.edu/~corre/franca/go.html ) has shaken my opinion a bit. but there it is Algiers and not exactly the eastern mediterranean — it is said that the lingua franca originates among the christian hostages in algiers during the early modern ages, around 25000 at any given time, including “french, italians, spaniards and portuguese” that spoke a mix of all the romance languages. around this time, I would suppose that the ethnic term “français, franceses” had become more common than “franco”; meanwhile, “franco” as “open” was just as regularly used at the time. I may have to discount for patriotism here, of course, but it seems a simpler explanation. (In a lateral note, I should say that I am not a linguist but also not exactly an amateur — I’ll leave the CV out of this since it doesn’t make anymore correct either).
December 18th, 2008 at 3:00 pm
Actually the Chinese might be able to cull English’s thicket of stupid shit syntax and make the language less ambiguous/better designed.
Corporate American has to waste a year teaching college grads to drop all the showy shit they learned in academia just so they can be trained to write clear, simple memos.
An executive scanning a stack of memos for the main points doesn’t like wading through complex sentences that run on for 8 or 9 lines of text and which jump through several time zones.
December 18th, 2008 at 3:14 pm
Trust me – everybody who programs in any language is a monkey. Have you actually used any software lately? It all sucks rocks – even most of the OSS stuff. but you see for home http://www.liginmaclari.blogcu.com
December 18th, 2008 at 3:18 pm
To conciliate all: I have always heard that the franks meant “the free” as they named themselves.
In old French, un homme franc was a free man, I believe.
So it come likely from some Latin dialect, Portuguese or Italian or whatever, eventually back from Arabic.
December 18th, 2008 at 3:19 pm
My favorite ever Chinese-to-English mistranslation was at a Chinese restaurant in Prague that listed an entree as “Beef of Five Different Smells.”
December 18th, 2008 at 3:52 pm
The ideal type of English signage would consist of words derived from the Romance languages, as opposed to Anglo-Saxon/Germanic. That way, people – at least Europeans or those in Latin America – would have a chance of figuring out what is meant. Such sinage might appear strange to a native English speaker, but that’s not the goal. Broadest comprehension is.
As it turns out, the sign Yglesias is commenting on: “The traveller halts” consists of words derived from Middle English (a Germanic tongue), so it fails completely on the Romance-language-origins score. For that it should be criticized, not for failing to read like perfect English.
A better sign would be “Voyagers cease”. English speakers would understand it. So would non-English/Romance-language-only speakers.
December 18th, 2008 at 3:54 pm
Skip the airport signs. Unemployed English majors should focus on owners’ manuals and assembly instructions. They wouldn’t even have to leave the country, although if they chose to, it would be an improvement to both places.
December 18th, 2008 at 4:16 pm
working in a multinational business with everyone speaking Business English, you rapidly learn that seemingly simple things like this are deeply loaded with cultural assumptions that are not easily surmountable except by a translater with a fairly good knowledge of both cultures and both languages.
That’s true, even in the homogenised space of airports. On the one hand, having a common airport sign-speak (visual and verbal cues) provides easier transitions — the big NY hubs recently adopted a variant of Schiphol’s brilliant signage, replacing several decades of kruft. But euphemism can be the enemy of good signage: one way to tell that you’re in Britain, rather than the US, is having signs in Heathrow and Gatwick giving direction to the “TOILETS”. On the flipside, “Authorized Personnel Only” has a distinctly American (rather than English-language) resonance.
Now, what interests me is whether China already has its own stable vocabulary and iconography for airport signs. If that’s the case, then there’s room for stable translations. But if it’s still a situation where decisions on signage are made ad hoc from airport to airport, you’re going to get that kind of rough-and-ready translation.
December 18th, 2008 at 4:42 pm
Skip the airport signs. Unemployed English majors should focus on owners’ manuals and assembly instructions.
I’m sure it’s been said before, but let me add to the chorus: While strangely translated manuals do not bother me in the least, it has always mystified me that a Taiwanese (or whomever) manufacturer doesn’t just send their translation over to a native language proofreader for a final go over.
They don’t even need a translator – just send the translation made by the computer or the boss’s son or whatever to a native speaker, who can probably puzzle out most of the intended meaning readily enough. Most manuals for small appliances and the like are very short – and college students would probably do this for a few cents a word. Even the smallest manufacturers could probably manage.
So, what’s happening? I find it slightly implausible that they just don’t care – though it’s possible. Are there just a bunch of shady translation services in Taipei, etc., delivering crappy translations to clueless and overly trusting manufacturers, while the necessary channels for those manufacturers to receive feedback from puzzled customers are nonexistent? Anybody have some insight?
December 18th, 2008 at 5:14 pm
Quiddity, just for our amusement – I’m sure some of this is wrong – I ran “Authorized Personnel” which has been suggested, through machine translators. I got
Spanish personal autorizado
French le personnel autorisé
Italian il personale autorizzato
Portugeuse pessoais autorizados
German autorisiertes Personal
German had a few variants, all with personal in them, I suspect the above would convey the meaning closely enough
Just for amusement I tried Polish
Upoważniany (zaaprobowany) personel
So even Poles would be able to guess it has something to do with “personnel” which doesn’t include travelers. If the traveler has a rudimentary understanding of English phonetics and sounds out “Authorized personnel” they’d probably get that it has something to do with only people allowed….
Aatos, egads, English majors writing technical prose. I can see “tighten the screw” becoming “Rotate the helical fastening device until it mates securely with it’s mounting surface”. Or since many English majors have no mechanical skills “Hammer it in”
December 18th, 2008 at 5:34 pm
jack lecou: if you’re buying the kind of products that come with that kind of manual — nowadays, you’re talking about computer components or bargain-basement Coby-brand electronics or suchlike — then there’s really no economic compulsion to have well-written manuals. For instance, people who read motherboard manuals already know how to install motherboards, and they really just need an accurate schematic.
If you’re selling a $400 PC in Best Buy (or a $1200 MacBook), then there’s a reason to have human-readable manuals, because that’s part of the end-user markup.
December 18th, 2008 at 5:35 pm
My personal favorite from the Engrish funny site.
December 18th, 2008 at 6:01 pm
pseudonymous in nc-
Yeah, I realized shortly after hitting the post button that I had never really needed the manuals anyway, so why was I assuming anyone else does?
Still, it seems like this is true of a few bargain basement mp3 players, toaster ovens, etc., where a few people might need the manual. It probably just ends up back on the shelf with an “open box” sticker on it, but it seems like a waste.
It’s also a lot of effort in the first place to generate the nonsense manuals (it’s extremely difficult to come up with translation in a language you don’t know well, even a bad one).
December 18th, 2008 at 6:08 pm
I’d suggest everyone would be better off without the manuals, but I guess there’s an expectation that it be there, even if it’s never read. Maybe we’re just at the equilibrium of very low labor costs for bad translations, and a minimal value for the essentially pro-forma manuals. It’s interesting.
December 18th, 2008 at 6:43 pm
Re: Yes, “lingua franca” is ‘Frankish language’, not ‘free tongue.’
Well, the Franks called themselves “Franks” because they meant they were “free” (i.e., not in vassalage to Rome or some other Germannic tribe).
But the term Lingua Franca arose in the Crusader era. The Lingua Franca was a pidgen speech that came into being so as to allow the Crusaders (who spoke several tongues themselves) and the merchants who followed them to communicate with their Arab speaking native subjects. It was a mishmash of French, Italian, Latin and Arabic. The Arabs called all Western Europeans “Franks” back then.
My favorite fractured English example was a hand-painted sign on the back of a Tae Kwon Do studio near where I worke as a teenager. It read: “If you parking here, we towtruck your car”
December 18th, 2008 at 8:27 pm
This is a topic close to my heart since I first lived in Japan thirty years ago. I and my friends have been collecting samples for years.
From a Thai hotel room: Please take advantage of the chambermaid.
From an hand-dryer in a public restroom in a rural Japanese train station: put your hands under the nozzle and blow your hands away.
Of course, my own Japanese can evoke howls of laughter from native speakers. And I’ve seen Chinese speakers snigger when they arrive at Narita airport and start reading the signs written in their characters.
December 18th, 2008 at 9:09 pm
Are there just a bunch of shady translation services in Taipei, etc., delivering crappy translations to clueless and overly trusting manufacturers….Anybody have some insight?
Drop your panties, Sir William! I cannot wait until lunchtime:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZLDSlYsje80
December 18th, 2008 at 10:57 pm
As someone who’s been teaching English in Asia for over twenty years, I assure you that there are thousands of qualified native-speaking ESL teachers already in place who could do the job (as well as thousands of unqualified backpackers, drunks, potheads and old lechers who are here because it’s easy money or they can’t get a job/get laid back home).
What you are up against is a well-known syndrome called “Boss’s English”. The boss/manager/department head, or their wife, daughter, nephew, classmate’s son, etc. has studied English for years and will suffer a tremendous loss of face if someone points out any errors in translation, so nobody is going to take the risk of suggesting to run it by a native-speaker.
December 19th, 2008 at 4:46 am
Amusing though Matt’s modest proposal may be, it overstates demand for a corps of globetrotting grammarians to scour the developing world for bad English. Sure, there are a million “oddities” out there to elicit our derision or James Fallows’ “sympathy.” But they’re here to stay, and not only that; they’re not wrong!
The sign in question isn’t hanging there to satisfy our American sense of proprietorship over every corner of the globe. Its purpose is to communicate basic directions, to us and to every other non-Chinese-speaker. Okay, so “The Traveller Halts” isn’t beautiful, like most literal translations. So long as it’s intelligible, though, it’s correct. And, as per Matt’s point, each of us knew exactly what it was supposed to say. You could call the phrase a gaffe in the Kinsleyan sense: it said exactly what it meant.
Global English isn’t pretty, or even immediately intelligible to a native speaker. It has no discernible rules and frequently misappropriates vocabulary. But it works in a purely transactional fashion. If it offends your aesthetic or grammatical sensibilities, well, get used to it.
English as she is spoke has been mangled for centuries, only now it’s propagaing in reverse according to the logic of the market. It’s been noted above that English owes its prevalence to British and American economic and military hegemony; so, too, as China and India emerge as the largest markets their Englishes, however painful or amusing to our ears, will have the competitive advantage. A “standard” English translation like “No Entry” will not be standard for much longer.
January 15th, 2009 at 5:08 am
gxak tncupf renluj hjlxzyrpa ezgfnjxbo joaxizwvf gksbh
March 1st, 2009 at 6:34 pm
cialis
If you have to do it, you might as well do it right
March 2nd, 2009 at 5:10 am
levitraI bookmarked this site. Thank you for good job!
March 11th, 2009 at 4:42 am
Incredible site!
March 20th, 2009 at 2:17 pm
Your site is the best one!
==
http://www.vinyladdiction.tv/sitemap.xml
April 3rd, 2009 at 4:16 am
If you have to do it, you might as well do it right
cheap brand pfizer viagra
April 9th, 2009 at 6:08 am
Very interesting site, Hope it will always be alive! viagra
April 16th, 2009 at 10:09 pm
Hi everyone. Choose the life that is most useful, and habit will make it the most agreeable.
I am from Sao and learning to speak English, give true I wrote the following sentence: “Book your cheap discount airline tickets to paris with opodo.”
Thanks for the help
, Clemens.